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I used to think IPv4 addresses were just random numbers until recently. It blew my mind when I started digging and understanding that they have an anatomy where every number after the dot means something very important. Note: To understand what IP addresses are, please consult this post because I won't be going over them here. IP Addresses: Digital Connectivity What is IPv4 in the First Place? IPv4 is short for Internet Protocol version 4 . As you might have already realized, it's the 4th version of the early test designs during the development of the Internet Protocol in test labs in the 1970s. The first real release, v4, came out in 1981 in a public document called RFC 791. RFC 791: STD 5: Internet Protocol IPv4 is an Internet Protocol that's written in what's called Dotted Decimal Notation (e.g., 172.17.0.3 ), where each portion is separated by a dot, and these portions are called octets. For example, 172 is the first octet and 17 is the second octet (more on this later). Before We Explore What Octets Are, Let's Take a Stroll to the Basics of Binary (Simplified) Have you ever wondered why your computer or phone requires electricity to function? Though electricity can be used as a raw power source for things like fans or speakers, where it's converted into other forms of energy such as movement or sound, it's good to know that electricity can function differently in your computer's RAM or SSD. Inside your computer are billions of extremely tiny transistors. These transistors form circuits that can create and maintain different electrical states, which the computer interprets as 0s and 1s. In simple terms, 0 represents the absence of the electrical state (OFF), while 1 represents its presence (ON). These states, which we represent with 0s and 1s, are called binary digits (or simply bits). 1 bit has the possibility of representing either 0 or 1, which doesn't represent much information, and that's where multi-bits come in. Every additional bit doubles the number of

There is a line in almost every Python web tutorial that nobody explains: uvicorn main:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000 I copied it for weeks without thinking about it. Then I deployed the same application three times — to a local VM, to a production server, and into a container — and the correct value was different every time. Twice it was 0.0.0.0 . Once, in the place that mattered most, it was not. That gap is worth writing about, because the setting itself is trivial and the reasoning behind it is not. What the Flag Actually Controls A server process doesn't "open a port." It creates a socket and binds it to an address. The bind address answers one question: which network interfaces should this socket accept connections from? A machine has more than one interface: lo (loopback) — reachable only from inside the machine ( 127.0.0.1 ). Packets addressed there never reach a physical network card; the kernel loops them straight back. 0.0.0.0 — a wildcard meaning every interface this machine has , including ones added later. So the flag isn't about security or convenience. It's about reachability — and reachability depends entirely on what sits in front of the process. Case 1: The Local VM — 0.0.0.0 I was running the service inside a Multipass VM and wanted to hit it from the browser on my laptop. The laptop is outside the VM, so binding to loopback would have made the service invisible to it. curl inside the VM would work; the browser outside would get connection refused. Decision: wildcard bind. Nothing sits in front of the process, and nothing needs protecting. Case 2: Production — 127.0.0.1 Here I copied the same line at first, and it was wrong. The production box has a public IP. Binding to 0.0.0.0 there means the application is directly exposed to the internet: no TLS, no rate limiting, no authentication. Within hours of provisioning that server, its SSH logs showed hundreds of automated login attempts against usernames like admin and oracle . The same scanners try

Nota: en Lumora construimos libros infantiles personalizados con IA, y escribimos en diez idiomas. Este artículo cuenta un problema de i18n con el que chocamos de frente y cómo lo resolvimos. Lo contamos desde dentro, con nuestro nombre, porque el error nos costó reescribir una campaña entera. Casi todos los equipos tratamos el idioma como si fuera el país. Ponemos es en el selector, sacamos las cadenas a un JSON y damos el problema por cerrado. Funciona hasta el día en que tu producto tiene algo que ver con una fecha. Y entonces descubres que es no es un mercado, son varios calendarios distintos que comparten vocabulario. El día en que el regalo no llega el 25 Teníamos una campaña de regalos escrita en español. Correcta gramaticalmente, revisada, sin errores de traducción. Y aun así estaba mal para una parte grande de quien la leía: En España , el gran momento de regalo infantil no es el 25 de diciembre: son los Reyes Magos, el 6 de enero . Un mensaje que dice "pídelo antes del 24" le está dando a una familia española una fecha límite equivocada por casi dos semanas. En México conviven las dos cosas: Navidad y Reyes, con la rosca del 6 de enero. En Argentina, Chile o Uruguay , la Navidad es el 25 de diciembre… en pleno verano . A 30 grados. Con las vacaciones escolares largas empezando, no terminando. Fíjate en lo incómodo del asunto: los tres casos hablan español. Los tres pasan el mismo test de traducción. Y los tres necesitan un mensaje distinto, una imagen distinta y una fecha límite distinta. El mismo golpe existe en portugués. En Brasil la Navidad también cae en pleno verano, enero es mes de vacaciones, y el día en que de verdad se reinicia la rutina familiar no es el 1 de enero: es la volta às aulas , en febrero. Si tu calendario de contenidos asume "año nuevo, hábitos nuevos" en enero, en Brasil llegas un mes antes de que a nadie le importe. Por qué el código de locale no te salva La respuesta obvia es "usa es-ES y es-AR ". Es correcta y casi nunca es sufic

What makes the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 8 Ultra so Ultra? Samsung's first foldable with the Ultra name isn't a souped-up version of the regular Fold 8, as you might expect. Where the Z Fold 8 is squat and wide, the Fold 8 Ultra retains the thin outer screen and square inner panel of the […]

Instacart introduced Blueberry, an AI-assisted incident response system that helps on-call engineers investigate production issues faster. It combines AI agents, operational data, and historical incident knowledge to generate grounded root cause hypotheses in Slack. It uses parallel subagents, MCP integrations, and incident history to reduce investigation time while keeping engineers in control. By Leela Kumili

A corrupted PDF is one of the most frustrating file problems. You have important content inside, but the document won't open, opens with garbled text, or shows missing pages. The file might be damaged from a bad download, a converter error, or a storage glitch. Recovering content from a broken PDF doesn't require complex forensic tools. Often, the individual pages are still readable — it's the document's structure (cross-reference tables, object streams) that's damaged. By extracting pages one by one into a fresh PDF, we can bypass the structural corruption. Here's how to build a browser-based PDF repair tool with Vue 3 and pdf-lib . The repair strategy The core insight: PDF structure and page content are somewhat independent . A PDF can have a broken cross-reference table or missing trailer objects, but the actual page content streams may still be perfectly readable. The repair approach: Load the damaged PDF and attempt to read each page For each successfully read page, copy it to a new PDF document Discard unreadable pages (they're lost anyway) Save the new document This is fundamentally different from "fixing" the original PDF. We're extracting what we can and rebuilding from the ground up. The stack Vue 3 with Composition API pdf-lib for PDF reading and page extraction Vite for bundling The core implementation < script setup lang= "ts" > import { ref } from ' vue ' import { PDFDocument } from ' pdf-lib ' const file = ref < File | null > ( null ) const totalPages = ref ( 0 ) const recoveredPages = ref ( 0 ) const repairing = ref ( false ) const result = ref < Uint8Array | null > ( null ) const error = ref < string | null > ( null ) async function repairPdf () { if ( ! file . value ) return repairing . value = true error . value = null try { const arrayBuffer = await file . value . arrayBuffer () const damaged = await PDFDocument . load ( arrayBuffer , { ignoreEncryption : true , updateMetadata : false , }) totalPages . value = damaged . getPageCount () const resu

If you are integrating ZATCA Phase 2 (Saudi Arabia's Fatoora e-invoicing) and you have seen this: { "type" : "ERROR" , "code" : "signed-properties-hashing" , "category" : "CERTIFICATE_ERRORS" , "message" : "Invalid signed properties hashing, SignedProperties with id='xadesSignedProperties'" } ...after your invoice sailed through /compliance/invoices , this post is for you. It is the single most confusing failure mode in the whole integration, and the fix is not what the error suggests. The trap: SignedProperties exists in two byte-shapes The XAdES SignedProperties block is referenced twice in your signed document: ds:Reference URI="#xadesSignedProperties" carries a digest of the block. The block itself is embedded inside ds:Object > xades:QualifyingProperties . The natural assumption is that both refer to the same bytes. They do not. The hashed shape carries namespace declarations and starts at column 0: <xades:SignedProperties xmlns:xades= "http://uri.etsi.org/01903/v1.3.2#" Id= "xadesSignedProperties" > <xades:SignedSignatureProperties> <xades:SigningTime> 2026-08-07T02:14:33 </xades:SigningTime> <xades:SigningCertificate> <xades:Cert> <xades:CertDigest> <ds:DigestMethod xmlns:ds= "http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" Algorithm= "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha256" /> The embedded shape carries no namespace declarations (they are inherited from ancestors) and its root element is indented to column 32 : <xades:SignedProperties Id= "xadesSignedProperties" > <xades:SignedSignatureProperties> Embed the hashed shape verbatim - the intuitive thing to do - and the gateway rejects with signed-properties-hashing , even though your indentation "looks right". The second half of the trap: the digest encoding The digest is not the raw SHA-256 bytes in base64. It is base64 of the hex string : const crypto = require ( ' crypto ' ); // hashedShape = the namespaced, column-0 variant above const propsDigest = Buffer . from ( crypto . createHash ( ' sha256 ' ). update ( Buffer .

👋 Hello DEV Community! I'm excited to finally join DEV! I'm a developer, entrepreneur, and lifelong learner who enjoys building practical web solutions with WordPress, PHP, and modern web technologies. Over the past few years I've been working on: 🚀 WordPress plugins and starter websites 💻 Affordable web solutions for individuals and small businesses 📈 Web analytics and digital marketing tools 🌱 Exploring software architecture, clean code, and open-source development I'm also building and experimenting with digital products that solve real-world problems while documenting what I learn along the way. Here you'll find posts about: WordPress development PHP programming Building and launching web products Software engineering lessons Productivity and business insights for developers Occasionally, mathematics and calculus when it connects to programming or analytics I'm looking forward to learning from this amazing community, contributing where I can, and connecting with fellow developers. Thanks for having me! 😊

Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing how engineering teams respond to production incidents, offering the ability to summarize incident channels, analyze unfamiliar code, suggest remediation steps, generate pull requests, and increasingly assist with diagnosis. By Craig Risi

I tested the best webcams across various prices to find the top option. Here’s what I learned.

"Most people have completely forgotten how chaotic it really was."

From the omnipresent One Night Only trailer, you'd be forgiven for thinking that the movie glosses over its terrifying and absurd premise - in otherwise normal modern New York, single people can only have sex one night a year - to deliver an entirely traditional romantic comedy. I'm here to report that it does not […]

ElevenLabs now offers a Dubbing Translation API designed to turn multilingual video and audio localization into a single automated workflow. The service accepts a video, audio file, or source URL, lets developers choose one or more target languages, and coordinates transcription, translation, voice generation, speaker identity preservation, and timing alignment before returning dubbed assets. The central change is not simply another voice feature. ElevenLabs is presenting the pipeline as an integrated API operation rather than a set of services developers must orchestrate independently. Its Dubbing Translation API product page says users can dub and translate video in 90+ languages in one call , with translation, voice cloning, and timing synchronization handled server-side. For localization teams, that approach could reduce the application logic required to move from an original asset to versions for multiple language audiences. It does not remove the need for teams to assess translation quality, brand requirements, and appropriate use of cloned voices, but it consolidates the underlying production stages into one API surface. What the unified dubbing workflow does ElevenLabs' dubbing documentation describes an end-to-end sequence comprising transcription, translation, voice generation, and video synchronization. The Dubbing Translation API places those stages behind a single request flow, with the aim of retaining the original speaker's identity and the timing of the source material in the resulting dubbed output. That matters because dubbing is more than text translation. A usable localized video or audio asset needs speech that fits the surrounding media, while the voice and delivery should remain coherent for the intended audience. ElevenLabs describes its synchronization capability in terms of preserving timing and tone, positioning the API for workflows where the final media asset, rather than a translated script alone, is the required output. The documented

ElevenLabs has introduced Dubbing v2 , a rearchitected AI dubbing model built to retain a speaker's emotion, delivery, and timing while translating content across more than 90 languages. The update expands the company’s localization proposition beyond a basic language replacement: its documented controls cover dialect-specific accents, multi-speaker material, and background audio management for more complex video and audio scenes. According to ElevenLabs’ Dubbing v2 announcement , the model is designed for creators, marketers, studios, and broadcasters that need to localize video at production scale. It is integrated with ElevenCreative for one-click video localization and ElevenProductions, the company’s professional localization service. The central goal is preserving the original performance rather than simply generating translated speech. That matters for material in which pacing, vocal emphasis, and emotional delivery are part of the message, including marketing campaigns, creator videos, and professionally produced programming. Dubbing v2 is intended to synchronize translated dialogue with the source speaker’s timing and delivery across its supported languages. What Dubbing v2 changes for localization workflows The most practical additions are the controls documented for ElevenLabs' dubbing workflow. They give teams more ways to shape a dub around the source material and the intended audience, particularly when a project includes regional language variation or a mix of dialogue and sound. Localization need Dubbing v2 capability Documented control or workflow Regional language variation Dialect-specific accent selection target_accent , marked experimental Scenes with several voices Multi-speaker dubbing num_speakers Music, effects, or ambient sound Background audio management foreground_audio_file , background_audio_file , and drop_background_audio End-to-end video localization Integrated production workflows ElevenCreative and ElevenProductions For Spanish-lan

Incident management platform provider Rootly has published an account of its decision to drop its long-standing small pull request rule, arguing that the practice no longer serves its purpose now that AI agents generate most of its code. The company describes a shift from measuring PR size to assessing blast radius, with feature flags and rollback capability taking precedence over line counts. By Matt Saunders

Uno Platform 6.6 introduces Native AOT publishing across five target platforms, an optional Vulkan rendering backend, and automatic registration for the framework’s Model Context Protocol servers. The release also reduces XAML boilerplate, expands cross-platform WinUI API coverage, and improves accessibility and multilingual text handling. By Edin Kapić

"CSS Modules are fine after all." If you build web interfaces for a living, you have probably said this. After wrestling with runtime CSS-in-JS configuration, chasing specificity bugs across dynamic boundaries, or watching a utility-first framework bloat your markup, returning to the humble CSS Module feels like a relief. That isn't a compromise made for lack of features. CSS Modules win because they are predictable : the CSS you write behaves exactly as written. There is no runtime parser guessing your intent, no injection-order races between chunks, and almost no runtime JavaScript — just a class mapping object. But the safety has a price. You give up TypeScript-integrated styling, compile-time validation, dynamic theming, and seamless colocation. Plumeria is designed to eliminate this compromise. It matches — and in several areas exceeds — the predictability of CSS Modules, while delivering the type-safe developer experience of a modern CSS-in-JS library. The Zero-Trace Runtime Try compiling this — note that the style is actually applied, not left unused: import * as css from ' @plumeria/core ' ; const styles = css . create ({ box : { padding : 16 , color : ' red ' } }); export const Box = () => < div classStyle = { styles . box } > Box </ div >; Here is the entire JavaScript build output: export const Box = () => < div className = { ' xqqbxt1d xq96bg3w ' } > Box </ div >; The declarations move to a generated stylesheet: .xqqbxt1d { padding : 16px ; } .xq96bg3w { color : red ; } The style still renders, yet import * as css from '@plumeria/core' and the entire css.create declaration have vanished. This is not dead-code elimination — nothing in this file is unused, and no bundler could remove a live call for you. The compiler resolves the class names statically and rewrites the call site, so the library never has a runtime form to eliminate in the first place. That disappearing import is the most concise illustration of a Zero-Trace Runtime — anything that shouldn'

TypeScript Enums Are Still Controversial in 2026: Here Is When to Use Them and When to Reach for const Objects This article was written with the assistance of AI, under human supervision and review. Most TypeScript enum debates stem from a single misunderstanding: developers treat enums as a pure type-level construct when they generate real runtime code. This disconnect creates bundle bloat, unexpected behavior at runtime, and type safety gaps that only surface in production. Teams that reach for enums by default pay a hidden cost in every build. The enum controversy persists because TypeScript enums violate a core expectation: types should disappear at compile time. Unlike interfaces or type aliases that vanish during transpilation, enums produce JavaScript objects that ship to the browser. This runtime footprint matters when bundle size directly affects load time and business metrics. The alternative pattern— const objects with as const assertions—delivers the same developer experience without the runtime overhead. When developers understand the tradeoffs, the choice becomes mechanical: use enums where their runtime behavior adds value, use const objects everywhere else. Key Takeaways TypeScript enums generate runtime JavaScript objects that increase bundle size, while const objects with as const provide the same type safety with zero runtime overhead. Numeric enums enable reverse mapping and bitwise flags, making them valuable for low-level APIs and performance-critical code where runtime lookup is required. The const enum feature eliminates runtime code but breaks module boundaries and fails with external libraries, creating maintenance hazards in shared codebases. Const objects work seamlessly with tree-shaking, module systems, and JSON serialization, making them the default choice for API contracts and configuration. Migration from enums to const objects requires runtime validation at module boundaries to preserve type safety guarantees when data enters your s

npm has introduced staged publishing for Node.js, requiring maintainer approval before a version is installable. Versions are queued and must pass a two-factor authentication challenge for release. This feature aims to enhance security amid rising supply chain threats. It is available in npm CLI 11.15.0+ and Node 22.14.0+, alongside new configurable permission flags. By Daniel Curtis

The Scenario Every Developer Recognizes It is mid-2026, and you have a feature to ship. You open ChatGPT or Claude, type something like "build me a function that parses webhook payloads and routes them to the right handler," and wait. The model returns something plausible. You paste it in, run it, and it almost works. So you prompt again: "fix the edge case where the payload is missing the event key." Another round. Then another. Forty-five minutes later, you have code that functions, but you also have a conversation thread that looks like a debugging session rather than a build session. You never actually described what you were building. You just started building it. This is the default mode for most developers using AI coding assistants in 2026, and it is expensive. According to McKinsey's State of AI in 2024 report ( source ), organizations that adopt structured design and planning approaches before implementing AI tools report higher success rates and better integration outcomes compared to those using ad-hoc implementation strategies. The pattern holds at the individual developer level too. Jumping straight into prompting skips the step that makes prompting useful: knowing precisely what you want before you ask for it. The fix is not a better model. It is a different sequence. What Design-First Actually Means in Practice Design-first means producing a written artifact that describes your system before you write a single prompt asking an AI to build it. Not a full technical document. A tight, structured description of inputs, outputs, constraints, and edge cases. Think of it as the brief you would hand to a contractor before they start work. The contractor analogy is useful because it reframes the relationship: you are not collaborating with the model in real time, you are commissioning it with a clear scope. Here is what that looks like concretely. Instead of opening Google Gemini and typing "help me build a webhook router," you spend ten minutes writing this